RP-Department of Geography

Permanent URI for this collection

https://repository.ku.ac.ke/handle/123456789/1390

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 222

Accuracy and Correlates of Infidelity Suspicions Among Married Couples in the Fishing Communities on Lake Victoria in Kisumu County, Kenya
(Australasian Chapter of Sexual Health Medicine (AChSHM), 2013-07) Shisanya, C.A.; Kwena, Z. A.; Mwanzo, I.; Bukusi, E. A.
Background Inaccurate suspicions of infidelity among married couples can affect trust and intimacy in a relationship. We sought to establish the prevalence, accuracy and correlates of infidelity suspicions among married couples. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 545 couples. We contacted a proportion to size simple random sample of fishermen on each beach as our index participants and asked them to enrol with their spouses. The consenting couples were separated into different private rooms for simultaneous gender-matched interviews. In addition to socio-economic and behavioural data, we collected information on extra-marital sex partners and infidelity suspicions among spouses. We used descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression for analysis. Results A quarter (27.2%) of the women and 16.9% of the men suspected their spouses of infidelity but only 6.2% of the women and 32.1% of the men reported extra-marital relationship. Overall, 43.2% of the women and 6.5% of the men accurately suspected their spouses with sensitivity of 36.6% and 17.6% respectively. Correlates of women accurately suspecting their spouses were: men being mobile (OR, 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39–0.85), couple being in polygamous marriage (OR, 0.48; 95% CI: 0.25–0.90), taking longer time during sexual intercourse (OR, 0.97; 95% CI: 0.95–0.99), men’s higher score on male dominance sex roles (for all our scales, higher score better) (OR, 1.08; 95% CI: 1.03–1.13) and higher score on domestic violence scale (OR, 1.27; 95% CI: 1.12–1.44). Conversely, correlates of men accurately suspecting their spouses of infidelity were: women being denied preferred sex position (OR, 0.50; 95% CI: 0.26–0.98), couple being in polygamous marriage (OR, 2.51; 95% CI: 1.01–6.23) and higher score on domestic violence - higher e scale (OR, 1.33; 95% CI: 1.15–1.54). Conclusion High rates of inaccurate infidelity suspicions in this community may be detrimental to marital relationships. Couples need to consider correlates that aid accurate suspicion before bring up the issue for discussion.
Active Morphological Factors Determining the Locations of Sand Mines in Dry-River Channels
(Modester Limited, 2023) Muiruri, Philip Gathogo; Obando, Joy A; Mahiri, Ishmail O
In Kenya, most of the construction sand is derived from dry riverbeds. Due to rampant nature in which sand mining is carried out in these rivers, adverse environmental and social effects have been reported. In order to ensure sustainable sand mining activities, this study assessed active morphological factors determining sand abundance in the seasonal river Tyaa in Kitui, Kenya. The study adopted quantitative research design. Purposive sampling was used to select river Tyaa due to uncontrolled sand mining that was taking place there. Systematic sampling at 20 meter intervals was used while collecting data at the stretches of the river channel, thus constituting 2,000 meters in total. Data on independent variables, namely the river channel’s width, depth, slope angles, bank position, weathering status, vegetation status, and erosion status was collected using physical measurements and logic guided observation. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the data, giving marginal effects and respective p-values. The study established four statistically significant factors responsible for sand abundance in the dry river channel’s namely depth (p=0.001), width (p=0.001), slope angles (p=0.001) and bank position (p=0.001). The study concluded that these factors should be observed while siting sand mines along dry river channels to mitigate adverse environmental effects. The study recommended that National Environmental Management Authority of Kenya should apply the findings of this study in the establishment of the locations of sand mines and monitoring of the mining process in line with the existing guidelines and regulations.
Allometry and Aboveground Biomass of Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn.ex Benth Based Agroforestry Systems in Yangambi Landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo
(EANSO, 2023) Ndimubenchi, Innocent Amani; Assani, Neville Mapenzi; Mugisho, Gérard Imani; Mukirania, John Katembo
Most of the population living near the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve lives mainly from slash-and-burn agriculture which causes deforestation. The agroforestry system (AFS) is reputed to stabilise agriculture, store carbon in plant biomass and in the soil, and improve soil fertility. Acacia auriculiformis is a fast-growing leguminous tree that has been planted in AFS in the Yangambi landscape, but few or no studies assessed its aboveground biomass storage. This study aims to determine the aboveground biomass storage of AFS-based Acacia auriculiformis when intercropped with cassava, maise, and peanut food crops at different tree planting densities in the Yangambi landscape. The experimental device is a multifactorial trial of 36 plots of 400 m2 each one; with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions for each of these tree species in association with maise, groundnut, and cassava. Therefore, for assessing the aboveground biomass, the stem circumference and tree height were taken in each plot. Moreover, to study the A. auriculiformis allometry, 30 trees were cut and the aboveground biomass was estimated from the local allometric model set up in this study. Through this work, we have developed the three best allometric models for estimating the aboveground biomass of A. auriculiformis. The result showed that the aboveground biomass of A. auriculiformis varies between 0.49 and 10.54 t/ha (0.25 to 5.27 t/ha of carbon) depending on tree planting density and food crops. By comparing the results of the current study with those of others who worked on A. auriculiformis biomass, it was noted that the local models developed in this study contribute to increasing the precision of carbon estimation in the Congo basin. This is important for the implementation of REDD+ projects (Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation) in the DRC. In conclusion, agroforestry plantations contribute to storing carbon in plant biomass.
An Analysis of Accessibility and Pricing of Water Supply in Rural Watersheds: A Case Study of Kakamega District, Kenya
(FWU Water Resources Publications, 2005) Shisanya, C.A.
The main purpose of this study was to assess accessibility to domestic water in terms of distance, time, and the rate at which households are willing to pay for this water from various sources and at different distances from home. As such, the objectives of this study were to: • Establish the sources of domestic water supply and time/distance covered to water points, • Assess the willingness and rate at which water users are willing to pay for domestic water, and • Ascertain the factors that determine the rate at which water users are willing to pay for water. To achieve the objectives of this study, both documentary and field based techniques were used to collect and analyse information. Interview schedules, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to gather the required data. In analysing data, descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means and crosstabulations) as well as inferential statistics (Chi-square, two-way ANOVA and multiple regressions) were used. Out of the 300 respondents, 85% and 77% collected domestic water from springs during dry and rainy seasons, respectively. Over 74% of the respondents got water from roof catchment during rainy seasons. Less than 10% of the respondents used other sources of water during both dry and rainy seasons. Cross-tabulation between water sources and sub-locations revealed that some sources of water such as tap, stream/river and wells were sub-location specific. However, spring and roof catchment as sources of water were used across all sublocations used. The mean rates for those (89%) willing to pay for water per 20 litre jerrycan were Ksh. 1.36, 1.00, 0.80, 0.29 for spring water, Ksh. 1.49, 1.12, 0.87, 0.35 for borehole water and Ksh. 1.74, 1.34, 1.06, 0.41 for tap water at distances of < 1.0, 1.0-2.0, 2.1-3.0, > 3.0 km, respectively. Two-way ANOVA test applied to verify the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference between mean rates respondents are willing to pay for water from various sources and different distances from home gave results (P= 0.0000< 0.05 for sources treatment and P=0.0073<0.05 for distance treatment) that led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. Similarly, multiple regression analysis applied to verify the null hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between acceptable water rates and spatiotemporal, socio-economic and demographic factors of the respondents resulted to the null hypothesis (P=0.0341<0.05). The regression gave explanatory power, as measured by coefficient of multiple determinations (R2) of 0.55423. The study concludes that all stakeholders in the domestic water supply sector in Kakamega should collaboratively develop main sources of water (springs and roof catchment). Based on contingent valuation, the government should set prices for water from all sources to encourage water and watershed conservation in addition to raising funds for coverage expansion.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Technologies in Ngaciuma Sub-Catchment, Kenya
(African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 2012) Obando, Joy Apiyo; Alufah, S.; Shisanya, C.A.
The main study objective was to determine and examine factors influencing the adoption of soil and water conservation (SWC) technologies for sustainable watershed management and planning in the Ngaciuma sub-catchment. To achieve the goal of the study, pre-tested questionnaires were administered to 120 household farmers. Numerical tools for data analysis comprised of descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations), non-parametric test (chi-square) and logistic economic model. It was found that terracing, tree planting, agroforestry, cover cropping, mixed cropping and contour vegetation strip were major SWC technologies in the area. It also came to light that household size, perception of soil erosion problem, training in soil erosion control, land ownership and access to institutional credit had significant effects on adoption of SWC technologies. The study further revealed that age, distance of farm from the Ngaciuma River, slope of cultivated land (significant at P< 0.01) and membership of an organization or group have positive influence on adoption while education, distance of farm from homestead and number of farm parcels have negative effect on adoption of SWC technologies in the catchment. It was obvious from the study findings that farmers consider personal characteristics, socio-economic, institutional, technology attributes and other exogenous factors before adopting SWC technologies in the catchment. The findings reinforce the fact that in order to achieve sustainable watershed management, institutional and economic factors should be given special attention. Based on the study findings, the following implications were drawn. There is need for sensitization of farmers to form groups to benefit from institutional credit facilities to enhance adoption of SWC technologies, formal training of all stakeholders in SWC technologies and capacity building of farmers in other livelihood areas to reduce pressure on watershed natural resources. Key words: Adoption, Soil and water conservation technologies, Logit model, Ngaciuma sub-catchment, Kenya
Analysis of Rainfall and Temperature Trends in Bahati Subcounty, Kenya
(2018) Koimbori, Jackson K; Shisanya, Chris A; Murimi, Shadrack K; Petterson, Rickard
This study analyzed the climate variability trends in Bahati Sub-County, Kenya for the period 1985 to 2015.The climate parameters used included rainfall onset, rainfall cessations, seasonal rain, annual rainfall, annual mean temperature, maximum and minimum temperature. Data on rainfall and temperature was collected from Nakuru Meteorological Station. The strength and direction of the relationship between rainfall and temperature was determined using SPSS software version 23 (correlation analysis) and Microsoft Office Excel 2010 to generate frequency tables, pie charts, graphs and moving averages. The findings revealed that there is a significant, negative and strong relationship between annual rainfall trend and maximum temperature (r= -0.716, p = 0.000). However, the study findings also revealed that the relationship between annual rainfall and minimum temperature had an insignificant, weak and negative relationship (r= 0.151, p= 0.418).
Analysis of Rainfall Trends and Periodicity in Ruiru Location, Kenya
(International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,, 2017-03) Nyakundi, R.; Mwangi, J; Makokha, M; Obiero, C
Climate change is a serious issue in the world today with extreme weather conditions being experienced globally as characterised by devastating floods and prolonged droughts. This has often led to destruction of property and loss of life. These conditions are viewed as disasters requiring mitigation. Ruiru location being a peri-urban area has a lot of farming taking place and increased population due to settlement. This has increased the demand for water as stream flow is decreasing and boreholes are drying, with water scarcity prominent during droughts. Moreover during floods there is high surface runoff in the paved areas. The study sought to determine rainfall trends across the year for 31 years if any in Ruiru location. Monthly rainfall data for 31 years (1984-2014) obtained from four stations located within the location; Ting’ang’a, Ruiru mills, coffee research foundation and Doondu were used. Graphs were constructed to show trends within months and years and statistical significance of the observed trends tested using a linear regression model. Statistical analysis using Mann- Kendall, Spearman’s Rho, Linear Regression and Student’s t was employed to determine the significant difference among the four stations. High annual mean rainfall of 170mm and low annual mean rainfall of 37 mm were observed. Mann- Kendall, Spearman’s Rho, Linear Regression and Student’s t showed no significant difference of rainfall means between Ting’ang’a and Ruiru Mills stations, while the other stations were statistically insignificant. Linear regression models showed an upward trend which was statistically insignificant in all the four stations. There was no significant trend across the year for the past 31 years. The research findings will help in prediction of the occurrence of high and low rainfall amounts for proper planning and water resources management.
Analysis of Rainfall Variability Adaptation Strategies Employed by Wheat Farmers in Narok County, Kenya
(MEJAST, 2019) Kimamo, John; Makokha, George Lukoye; Obiero, Kennedy
The purpose of this study was to analyze the adaptation strategies employed by wheat farmers as a result of seasonal rainfall variability in Narok County, Kenya. This was done by analyzing strengths against weaknesses on one hand and opportunities against threats on the other. Wheat yields can be limited either by drought and excess of water. Rainfall has a huge impact on nitrogen response by the crop too. A purposive sampling design was used to select wheat farming households in the four sub-counties in Narok County. Proportionate sampling was used to determine the sample size of farmers to be selected in each sub-County. Random sampling technique was used to pick the wheat farmers selected in each sub-County. In this study the targeted sample size was 200 respondents. A structured questionnaire was administered to the sampled population to collect data on adaptive strategies employed by farmers in the region. A SWOT analysis was used to analyze adaptation strategies by wheat farmers. The results are expected to help farmers and policy makers come up with adaptation strategies that are sustainable with the varying rainfall trends.
Analysis of Riparian Land Rehabilitation on Water Quality and Macro Invertebrates’ Diversity along Nairobi River, Kenya
(IJWR, 2023) Ndichu, NN; Tela, SA; Kweyu, RM; Makokha, M; Okeyo, F
Aquatic life has been facing a lot of threat from the anthropogenic activities occurring near water bodies. This calls for rehabilitation actions to save the lives. The aim of this study is to analyze the rehabilitation actions that have taken place along Nairobi River and how the remedies have affected water quality as well as diversity of macro invertebrates. Notable rehabilitation activities have taken place at a river section called Michuki Park where garbage collection, fencing, planting of trees (vegetation), offering security among other practices have been undertaken. Comparison was done between the rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated sections of the river. The objectives of this study are: To assess the riparian cover types along Nairobi River, to analyze the relationship between riparian cover types and water quality, to determine the impact of rehabilitation on water quality and to establish the relationship between rehabilitation and diversity of macro invertebrates. The land use cover assessed were forest, shrubs, bare land and settlement (development). These land use cover types were analyzed in order to help in understanding the human activities carried out along the river. Four main sampling points were used to gather data where in each two samples were taken. The process was done both in a dry and a wet period. A total of 16 samples were analyzed. Data collected was analyzed using the satellite image analysis for the period of study. Data presentation was done in maps, tables, and graphs. The study findings revealed significant differences in water quality parameters between rehabilitated and nonrehabilitated zones during dry days (P<0.05), but no significant differences on wet days (P>0.05). The number of macro-invertebrates showed no significant difference. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between macro-invertebrate diversity and nitrates and phosphate levels (r=-0.863 and -0.603, P<0.05). Although not statistically significant, negative relationships were observed between macro-invertebrate diversity and water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity. Dissolved oxygen and pH showed positive correlations with macro-invertebrate diversity. Species evenness was positively influenced by nitrate levels (r=0.360, P=0.043). Other factors such as water turbidity, phosphates, and electrical conductivity also had positive relationships with species evenness. The comparison between the rehabilitated and non-rehabilitated areas showed no significant difference in macro-invertebrate diversity (t=0.478, P=0.636), but a significant difference in species evenness (t=2.35, P=0.0255). The rehabilitated area had higher pH and dissolved oxygen levels, while the nonrehabilitated areas had higher electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and turbidity. Nitrates and phosphates were significantly higher in the non-rehabilitated area. Interview responses indicated that 25% of the participants reported benefiting from Nairobi River water despite its deteriorating quality, while 75% did not report any benefits. The diversity and abundance of macro-invertebrates were significantly influenced by key parameters. Oxygen showed a positive correlation, while phosphates and nitrates exhibited a negative correlation with macro-invertebrate diversity and abundance. The study emphasized the positive impact of rehabilitation on aquatic life, as rehabilitated areas had higher diversity. To prevent pollution, measures such as proper waste disposal and penalties for polluters should be enhanced. Further research is recommended to explore the distribution and adaptability of other species in the river, as well as identify extinct species. Public education on the detrimental effects of pollution on aquatic life is crucial. Expanding rehabilitation efforts to cover larger sections or the entire river is suggested. The study's findings raise awareness among residents living along the river about the harm caused to water biodiversity.
Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Aquatic Macroinvertebrates in Relation to Selected Environmental Parameters along Nairobi River, Kenya
(JGEESI, 2023) Ndichu, Naomi Nyambura; Tela, Samuel Abuyeka; Fred, Okeyo; Makokha, Mary; Kweyu, Raphael
Aquatic diversity in riverine ecosystems is threatened by the intensification of unsustainable human actions in the river catchment areas. Nairobi River is one of the global wetlands that is experiencing high levels of degradation and this has a detrimental effect on the community's livelihood. The study aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of aquatic macro invertebrates in relation to some environmental parameters in the Nairobi River watershed in Kenya. The study objectives were: to find out macroinvertebrates' diversity in the Nairobi River; to investigate selected water quality parameters in rainy and dry periods along the river; and to analyze the spatial distribution of macroinvertebrates in relation to selected water quality parameters. During the dry days, temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity nitrates, and phosphates had significant differences (P ˂0.05 and F˃1). In the same period, macroinvertebrates were higher in the middle course 1 section of the river (mean 657.00) and in the middle course 2 section (mean 588.00) to upper and lower sections. However, there was no significant difference (P > .05) in the sites. Similarly, during the wet days, macroinvertebrates were noted to be higher in the middle course 2 areas (mean 168) and middle course 1 (mean 155). However, the number of macroinvertebrates was not significantly different (P > .05). Animals such as midge larvae and pupa, aquatic earthworms and mosquito larvae were highly tolerant to pollution due to adaptations to survival while others such as water penny, gilled snails, fingernail clam were sensitive to pollution thus they survived in very few sections of the river and in small numbers. The study recommends the need to conserve the river watershed as well as restore degraded river sections to guarantee the continued future provision of ecosystem services to the adjacent urban river communities and improve the river's biological integrity.
Analysis of the Key Challenges Facing Potato Farmers in Oljoro-Orok Division, Kenya
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2014) Shisanya, C.A.; Makokha, G. L.; Karanja, Amon Mwangi
The objective of this study was to evaluate the key challenges facing potato production in Oljoro-Orok division. Primary data were obtained from randomly selected farmers through questionnaires. Purposive sampling was used to select 300 farmers in the division. Proportionate sampling was used to select the sample of farmers in each of the four locations. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics namely frequencies, percentages and means with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17.0 and a SWOT matrix computed. Rainfall variations, lack of clean seeds and crop diseases have been found to be the major challenges facing potato production in the division. 45% of the respondents see rainfall variation as the main cause of decreased potato yields, 33% lack of clean seeds and 6% crop diseases. The study found that farmers use crop diversification and off season approaches to adapt to rainfall variability. The study recommends adaptation measure to be applied to cope with rainfall variation. Such measures include irrigation using water available in Jacob, Terracin and Kivindo dams during dry spelt. A lot of emphases on the use of certified seeds should be done by the agriculture field officers to caution farmers from planting the same potatoes they harvested in the previous harvest.
Assessing Gender Roles in Dagaa Fishery Value Chain among Fishing Communities on Lake Victoria, A Case Study of Lake Victoria Beaches In Siaya County, Kenya
(International Journal of Current Aspects, 2020) Odhone, Albert Ogoma; Mahiri, Ishmail O.; Onsongo, Francis O.
Fisheries in the East Africa region have suffered due to less emphasis given to some fishery specifically Dagaa (Rastrineobolaargentea), whose quantity is the highest of all the species in the Lake Victoria. Despite the importance of this resource in Kenya, there has been a concern of gender parity and inequality in terms of roles played by both gender in harvesting, processing, trading and marketing in the Dagaa fishery. This study analyzed gender roles in Dagaa Fishery Value Chain among fishing communities around Lake Victoria in Bondo Sub County, in Siaya County, Kenya. The study addressed the following objectives: Identified the various roles of men and women in Dagaa Fishery Value Chain, discussed factors influencing gender roles in Dagaa Fishery Value Chain, analyzed the barriers to women’s participation in certain Dagaa Fishery Value Chain and examined the strategies to overcome challenges in gender roles in Dagaa fishery value chain in Bondo Sub-County, Siaya County. The study adopted a cross-sectional research design. This study was guided by two models; gender analysis framework model that was developed by Sarah Longwe and supply chain model. Purposive sampling technique was used to select Bondo Sub-County and fishing community in Bondo Sub-County; random sampling technique was used to select five (5) fish landing sites/beaches where quantitative data were collected from 186 out of the targeted 188 primary respondents, from among the forty-four beaches of Lake Victoria in Bondo SubCounty. Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS Version 25, and descriptive statistics such as frequencies and percentages were used in presenting analyzed data. The results were presented using tables and charts. The study findings revealed that majority of the boats and fishing gears were owned by men, motorized boats belonged to men while a higher percentage of females still had the paddled boats. While men dominated the fishing of Dagaa, women dominated processing and trading of Dagaa in the beaches. The study noted that men made higher returns than their female counterparts at all levels of Dagaa fishery value chain. The study concluded that there is a still wide disparity among gender roles in Dagaa fishery value chain. Most of the activities in the value chain are still dominated by men. This study recommends that women be encouraged to take part in Dagaa fishery value chains, empowerment of women to take part in transportation and distribution of Dagaa and application of various strategies such as joining SACCOs to access loans at low interest rates, formation of groups for ease of access to credit services and weakening patriarchy to mitigate factors affecting Gender roles in Dagaa fishery value chains.
Assessing the Effects of Land Use/Land Cover Change on Discharge Using SWAT Model in River Ruiru Watershed, Kiambu County, Kenya
(IJRIAS, 2019) Waithaka, Ann; Murimi, Shadrack; Obiero, Kennedy
Watersheds and water resources are highly vulnerable to land use/land cover changes (LULCC) as they directly influence hydrological characteristics in terms of water quantity. This study aimed at assessing the effects of land use/land cover changes (LULCC) on Surface runoff contribution to discharge (SURQ), lateral flow contribution to discharge (LATQ) and groundwater contribution to discharge (GWQ) of River Ruiru watershed, Kiambu County. The study integrated the use of remote sensing, GIS and hydrological modeling to collect and analyze data. Results of the study indicate that built-up areas, annual crops (mixed farming) and perennial crops (Tea and coffee farming) increased by 1.83%, 15.05% and 10.90% from 1984 to 2017 while grassland, shrubland and forestland decreased by 6.21%, 11.92% and 10.06%. SWAT model results indicate that land use/land cover changes that have occurred in River Ruiru watershed between 1984 and 2017 have had effects on Surface runoff (SURQ), lateral flow (LATQ) and groundwater contribution to discharge (GWQ) which have increased from 30.25 mm/yr, 8.48mm/yr and 9.95mm/yr to 181.25mm/yr, 11.44mm/yr and 10.66mm/yr respectively. The results from this study will help in understanding the effects of LULCC on the quantity of discharge which is one component of the knowledge base required in applying the principles of integrated water resources management (IWRM) thus providing critical input to the decision making on water resources management and planning
Assessing the impact of climate change and climate variability on agricultural productivity in selected climatological zones of Uganda: an overview.
(RUFORUM, 2010-09) Nabasirye, M.; Tenywa, M. M.; Bamutaze, Y.; Shisanya, C.A.; Nsengiyunva, M. M.
Climate change and climate variability are a major threat to livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The IPCC report of 2007 indicates that SSA is the most vulnerable region to climate change and climate variability due to the weak economies and lack of adaptive capacity. If climate change and variability are not timely addressed, they are likely to worsen the poverty levels and further weaken the economies of the region. The poor agrobased communities in the dryland areas are particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of climate change and climate variability. There is therefore urgent need for concerted efforts to design appropriate mitigation and adaptation strategies to buffer communities in these ecologically sensitive areas against climate change and climate variability. Designing mitigation and adaptation strategies requires information and knowledge on the impact of climate change on the targeted sites. To-date, the impact of climate change and variability on the agricultural productivity is not well understood and the climate change threat remains largely unresolved. Most of the available information has been obtained from Global Circulation Models (GCM) but these models are inadequate to spatially differentiate the diverse ecosystems and adaptive capacities. The thrust of this study is to improve our understanding of climate change and climate variability impacts on agricultural productivity in selected climatologically contrasting districts of Uganda. The multidisciplinary project adopts diverse methods including modelling, experimentation, participatory rural appraisal (PRA) and household interviews. The study will provide a niche for improved strategies. Since the action area is a dryland, it is also envisaged that the results and recommendations from the study will potentially be replicable in other dryland areas and communities of SSA.
Assessing Tree Species Dominance along an Agro Ecological Gradient in the Mau Forest Complex, Kenya
(Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 2014) Kinyanjui, M. J.; Shisanya, C.A.; Nyabuti, O. K.; Waqo, W. P.; Ojwala, M. A.
Species relative dominance by basal area was assessed along an agro ecological gradient in the Mau Forest Complex (MFC). Trees were recorded per species and diameter at breast height (D1.3) for size class D1.3 ≥ 10 cm in 60 quarter hectare plots distributed in 7 agro ecological zones (AEZ) namely LH1, LH2, LH3, LH4, UH0, UH1 and UH2. Basal area per species was used to calculate species relative dominance i.e. the proportion of basal area by a species to the total basal area of the AEZ. Species associations were analysed as the group of highly ranked species in each AEZ. Sorensons similarity index was used to calculate the proportion of similar species among AEZ. Analysis of variance compared basal area among AEZ and Tukey’s multiple comparison test used to identify specific AEZ with differences. Tabernaemontana stapfiana (Britten) was ranked first in LH1, UH1 and UH0 with relative dominance values of 22.66%, 22.89% and 30.73% respectively. It was however not recorded in any other AEZs. Dombeya goetzenii (K. Schum) occurred in 6 of the 7 AEZs but had moderate dominance values in each of the 6 AEZs. The sum of dominance values per species in all AEZs indicated no species mono-dominance and different species dominated at different AEZs. Co-dominance resulted in species associations like Tabernaemontana-Allophylus-Ekebergia- Albizia in LH1, Juniperus-Dombeya-Casearia-Prunus in LH2, Acokanthera-Cussonia-Olea- Teclea in LH4 and Tabernaemontana-Syzygium-Podocarpus-Neoboutonia in UH1. Species richness was highest in UH1 and had the highest similarity indices with those of other AEZs. The UH1 had a species similarity of 67% with LH1, 63% with LH2 and 56% with LH4. However, species in the very humid zone UH0 differed with those of the drier lower highland zones (UH0 vs LH3 and vs LH4 = 31% and 37% respectively). Basal area differed significantly among AEZ ( χ2 0.05,9 = 3.76) showing that they differ in stocking levels. Tukeys test showed that high potential zones of LH1, LH2, UH0, UH1 did not differ and similarly the lower potential zones; LH3 and LH4. The results show that the variation of species and forest stocking in the MFC is strongly influenced by AEZ and proposes future biomass mapping to be done along AEZ.
Assessment of groundwater suitability for irrigation in three sub catchments in Upper Athi River Basin, Kenya
(Academic Journals, 2017-09) Attibu, Philip Kwabla; Ashun, Ebenezer; Young, George Lartey
Over the years, erratic rainfall pattern coupled with increasing population has led to the reliance on groundwater as an alternative and sustainable source for crop irrigation to meet increasing food demand. Irrigation of crops though essential, if not done with care through good practices and use of quality water can lead to soil salinization and ecological unsustainability. This study was carried out to assess the salinity of groundwater used for irrigation in three sub catchments in the Upper Athi River Basin of Kenya. Stratified random sampling technique was used to select representative boreholes and shallow wells for the study. In all, water from 17 boreholes and 17 shallow wells spread across the study area were sampled and analysed for selected physico-chemical properties. Standard methods were used for all the laboratory analysis; temperature, pH and electrical conductivity (EC) of water samples were measured in the field. The results obtained were compared with FAO Water Quality Guidelines for Irrigation. pH ranged from 4.2 to 7.13 indicating weak acidity with about 75% samples falling below lower guideline value. EC values ranged from 467 to 1328 μS/cm which were within FAO and NEMA permissible limits for irrigation purposes. All salts ions were within permissible irrigation water suitability standards except CO3-, Cl and K+. 97% samples had above the recommended carbonate concentrations while 80% had more potassium than the recommended value with the remaining 20% being boreholes. In relation to chloride concentrations, samples from shallow wells are not suitable for sprinkler irrigation since they were above the recommended levels; however, 58% were suitable for surface irrigation. For the boreholes, chloride concentrations were suitable for both surface and sprinkler irrigation. In conclusion, the boreholes had less ions as compared to shallow wells. This research may serve as a preliminary study to provide baseline information that may direct future water quality assessment studies in the study area
Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover Change Dynamics and Drivers in Mbagathi River Catchment in Kajiado County, Kenya
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2024-02) Munyoki, Faith; Makokha, Mary; Obiero, Kennedy
Land use and land cover change through human modifications has brought great changes at global, regional and local levels part of which poses a threat to human and environmental systems. Monitoring of these changes is necessary to ensure the sustainability of terrestrial ecosystems such as the Mbagathi River catchment. The study sought to determine the land use and land cover changes and drivers in the Mbagathi River catchment for the period 1990-2020. This was achieved by the classification of multitemporal Landsat imageries of 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 using the Google Earth Engine web platform. The study established four main land use/cover classes including forest, grassland, urban and bare ground. The results of the classification and analysis process established that forest cover reduced from 32% to 14%, grassland reduced from 53% to 30%, bare ground increased from 10% to 38% and urban land cover increased from 4% to 17%. This revealed that urban and bare ground land covers increased at the expense of forest and grassland covers. Multitemporal and spatial assessment of settlement observed that more settlements emerged around the key urban centres namely Kiserian, Ongata Rongai, Ngong, Mlolongo and Tuala. Further analysis within a 3 Km radius of the towns revealed that urban area increased by 11% and 19% for Tuala and Kiserian respectively while in Ongata Rongai and Ngong, the urban area increased by 20% and 23% respectively
Assessment of Physicochemical Properties of Groundwater Near Oil Well Pads in Lokichar Basin, Turkana County, Kenya
(Scientific Research Publishing Inc., 2022) Mbugua, David; Makokha, Mary K.; Shisanya, Chris A.
Oil mining wastes such as Produced water, drilling muds and cuttings may lead to contamination of groundwater. The study investigated whether Produced water from the oil well pads in south Lokichar basin, Turkana County, Kenya, leads to contamination of the neighboring groundwater resources. The specific objectives of the study were to 1) determine the physicochemical properties of Produced water and 2) determine the physicochemical properties of boreholes water near oil well pads. Produced water was found to be highly contaminated since all the selected physicochemical parameters exceeded the set drinking water quality standards. The computed Water Quality Index of 4030 found for the Produced water indicated that it was unsuitable for drinking purpose. Produced water heavy metals and salts levels that were found to be predominant exceeded acceptable water quality standards as follows: lead by 15,680%, zinc by 22%, iron by 16,567%, chlorides by 8128%, fluorides by 2500%, and nitrates by 480%. This was attributed to the usage of production chemicals to enhance oil recovery through hydraulic fracturing. Out of 11 groundwater samples analysed, eight were found contaminated with high levels of heavy metals and salts exceeding set drinking water quality standards. Nalemsekon borehole iron levels exceeded allowable standards by 250%, chloride 10.4% and fluoride 148%. RCEA borehole lead levels exceeded standards by 1500%, while fluoride 56%. Nakwakipi borehole lead levels exceeded by 5180%, nitrate levels 287%. Nakukulas 10 borehole zinc levels exceeded by 51%, nitrate 111%. Nakwakitela borehole fluoride levels exceeded by 36%, nitrate levels 428%. Nitrates levels at Irir 1, Chinese 1 and Nawoyatira boreholes exceeded standards by 604%, 463% and 322%, respectively. The high levels of heavy metals and salts observed in these boreholes was as a result of oil mining wastes contamination since these boreholes were in close proximity to the oil well pads.
Assessment of Runoff and Soil Loss under Natural Vegetation Cover and Rainfall in a Semi-Arid Catchment, West Pokot County, Kenya.
(East African Nature and Science Organization, 2022) Bukoma, Emmanuel; Obando, Joy; Murimi, Shadrack
Soil erosion has become a major cause of land degradation with regrettable economic losses. It has affected livelihoods of many agro-pastoral communities in Arid and Semi-arid Lands (ASALs). There is need for continuous assessment of soil erosion in these areas in order to provide sufficient data on soil loss for soil resource management, conservation, and land use planning. The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of soil loss by water for soil conservation planning in West Pokot County, Kenya. Two adjacent fields with variable vegetation cover density were identified in a semi-arid catchment for runoff plot research. Vegetation cover on the fields was measured using the transect line-intercept survey method. Field 1 had 25–50% vegetation cover while field 2 had 50–75% vegetation cover. On each field, three identical erosion plots with dimensions 20 m along the slope and 10 m wide were constructed. Runoff and sediment from the plots were measured for fifteen rainfall-runoff events during the long rains season. Data was analysed using correlation analysis and linear regression methods. The results show that runoff production varied from 1.03% to 1.44% of total rain water. Soil loss from the plots was 120.3–155.5 g/𝑚2 . Runoff-rainfall correlation analysis showed a significant positive relationship (r =0.9609, P<0.05%) with 92.33% variance in runoff production. Soil loss had significant positive relationship with runoff (r =0.9840, P<0.05%) with 96.83% variance in soil loss. The study found that runoff production and soil loss was slow in the field with dense vegetation cover. Studies project an increase in human and livestock populations in semi-arid areas. This points at possible decrease in vegetation cover and increase in the rate of soil loss by water. The study recommends development of a soil conservation and management strategy in the study area.
Assessment of Smallholder Farmers’ Adaptive Strategies on the Effects of Seasonal Rainfall Variability on Maize Yields in Nyeri County
(Ideas Spread, 2021) Kabata, Lilly N.; Makokha, George L.; Obiero, Kennedy
Maize is the leading food crop produced in most parts of the world and a staple food crop in Kenya. Majority of the maize farmers are smallholders due to reduced land sizes as a result of land fragmentation. Maize farming is rain-fed making it more vulnerable to rainfall variability. Over the years, the farmers have increased their resilience and adaptive potential through indigenous knowledge so as to cope with the climate related risks. However, the increasing rainfall variability, frequency and more severe shocks likely surpass their current adaptive strategies. The study assessed existing adaptive strategies of the small-holder maize farmers in Kieni East sub-County in Nyeri Couny to the seasonal rainfall variability effects. The research adopted a mixed research design. Data was obtained from primary and secondary sources. Primary data was obtained using household structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using descriptive methods and presented using charts and tables. SWOT analysis analyzed several underlying aspects affecting maize farmers in the sub-County. The study found that the farmers have several specific adaptive strategies to the effects of seasonal rainfall variability at their disposal which include but not limited to the use of varieties of maize seeds, seeking training, water harvesting, use of manure and fertilizers. Farmers also respond to rainfall variability by planting maize varieties that are early maturing and drought resistant as well as engaging in alternative farming activities and other economic activities.